Separate Legal Frameworks
Somaliland and Puntland are assessed differently from south and central Somalia. Somaliland has a more stable government and lower Al-Shabaab presence. Puntland is semi-autonomous with its own security forces. Neither region is governed by the MOJ Mogadishu return framework or Article 15(c) south/central analysis.
Clan Requirements
Settlement in Somaliland requires Isaaq or Somaliland clan connections. Puntland requires Darood/Harti clan connections. Those without appropriate clan backgrounds face significant barriers to housing, employment, and protection in either region.
Internal Relocation to the North
Internal relocation from south/central Somalia to Somaliland or Puntland is generally not viable due to strict immigration controls, essential clan connections, and economic subsistence requirements. Expert witnesses assess whether relocation is realistic for the specific appellant profile.